SARS-CoV-2 spike protein interacts with and activates TLR41

SARS-CoV-2 spike protein induces a differential monocyte activation that may contribute to age bias in COVID-19 severity

SARS-CoV-2 spike protein induces a differential monocyte activation that may contribute to age bias in COVID-19 severity

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SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein, rather than spike protein, triggers a cytokine storm originating from lung epithelial cells in patients with COVID-19

SARS-CoV-2 spike protein induces inflammation via TLR2-dependent activation of the NF-κB pathway

SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein induces TLR4-mediated long-term cognitive dysfunction recapitulating post-COVID-19 syndrome in mice - ScienceDirect

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The battle between host and SARS-CoV-2: Innate immunity and viral evasion strategies - ScienceDirect

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SARS-CoV-2 spike protein induces the cytokine release syndrome by stimulating T cells to produce more IL-2

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