The peri-menopause or menopausal transition—the time period that surrounds the final years of a woman’s reproductive life—is associated with profound reproductive and hormonal changes in a woman’s body and exponentially increases a woman’s risk of cerebral ischemia and Alzheimer’s disease. Although our understanding of the exact timeline or definition of peri-menopause is limited, it is clear that there are two stages to the peri-menopause. These are the early menopausal transition, where menstrual cycles are mostly regular, with relatively few interruptions, and the late transition, where amenorrhea becomes more prolonged and lasts for at least 60 days, up to the final menstrual period. Emerging evidence is showing that peri-menopause is pro-inflammatory and disrupts estrogen-regulated neurological systems. Estrogen is a master regulator that functions through a network of estrogen receptors subtypes alpha (ER-α) and beta (ER-β). Estrogen receptor-beta has been shown to regulate a key component of the innate immune response known as the inflammasome, and it also is involved in regulation of neuronal mitochondrial function. This review will present an overview of the menopausal transition as an inflammatory event, with associated systemic and central nervous system inflammation, plus regulation of the innate immune response by ER-β-mediated mechanisms.
Muscle and joint pain, during peri-menopause and menopause - The Clarke Clinic
Effect of Menopause Status on Brain Perfusion Hemodynamics
Menopause Reflexology
Women's Health Guide: Overcome 7 Common Female Health Concerns
Menopause impacts human brain structure, connectivity, energy metabolism, and amyloid-beta deposition
Menopause and Brain Fog
Loss of estrogen unleashing neuro-inflammation increases the risk of Alzheimer's disease in women
Perimenopause Symptoms, Treatments and Remedies - Dr. Axe
How Psoriasis Changes as Women Age - HealthyWomen
Perimenopause and menopause are BOTH distinct phases in a woman's life, with different symptoms and characteristics: 🩸 Perimenopause
Estrogen preconditioning: A promising strategy to reduce inflammation in the ischemic brain. - Abstract - Europe PMC
Inflammation: Bridging Age, Menopause and APOEε4 Genotype to Alzheimer's Disease
PDF) The peri-menopause in a woman's life: a systemic inflammatory phase that enables later neurodegenerative disease
Estrogen fluctuations during the menopausal transition are a risk factor for depressive disorders