Novel hole-pillar spacer design for improved hydrodynamics and biofouling mitigation in membrane filtration

PDF) Pressure drop increase by biofilm accumulation in spiral wound RO and NF membrane systems: role of substrate concentration, flow velocity, substrate load and flow direction

Membranes, Free Full-Text

Development of an automatic and object-oriented method for spacer design in the spiral wound nanofiltration modules to comprehensively enhance filtration performance - ScienceDirect

Nanofiltration Technology Applied for Peat and Wetland Saline Water

Roles and performance enhancement of feed spacer in spiral wound membrane modules for water treatment: A 20-year review on research evolvement - ScienceDirect

PDF] Impact of Modified Spacer on Flow Pattern in Narrow Spacer-Filled Channels for Spiral-Wound Membrane Modules

Direct Microscopic Observation of Forward Osmosis Membrane Fouling

PDF] Spacer geometry and particle deposition in spiral wound membrane feed channels.

PDF) Airfoil-shaped filament feed spacer for improved filtration performance in water treatment