To study how stars and planets are born we have to look at star cradles hidden in cool clouds of dust. Far-infrared telescopes are able to pierce through those clouds. Conventionally, niobium nitride bolometers are used as the detectors, despite their low operating temperature of 4 Kelvin (-269° Celsius).
Infrared telescope - Wikipedia
From The University of Heidelberg [Ruprecht-Karls-Universität
Far-Infrared Bolometers: Technical Lineages
Sensors, Free Full-Text
SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research (NL) – sciencesprings
Far-Infrared Bolometers: Technical Lineages
/remotesensing/remotesensing-15-01811/
News item Optics Research Group
HFI detection chain - Planck PLA Wiki
Nano-sized electronic circuit promises bright
New Superconducting Sensor Arrays Will Enable Future Far-Infrared
ALIR-I (Infrared Telescope) - 10/7/1979